Hollow fiber membrane bioreactors provide a versatile platform for a broad range of applications in pharmaceutical industries. These reactors harness hollow fibers as the primary component to facilitate selective permeability between stages. The special design of hollow fiber membranes facilitates high interface exposure per unit volume, leading to

PVDF membrane bioreactors are gaining a promising technology for wastewater remediation. These systems offer several strengths, including high removal rates of biological pollutants, less sludge generation, and improved water quality. Furthermore, PVDF membranes are known for their resistance, making them suitable for long-term deployment. To deter